Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Teen Parents Essay ex

Transitory Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Tenn Parents The American Public never adored social government assistance programs, however it didn't really need them destroyed. Indeed, by the mid 1990s, almost 50 percent of all family units drew on government profits by Food stamps to standardized savings to contract intrigue charge findings. To persuade the open that it remained to pick up from littler government and more vulnerable social projects, the reformers needed to subvert the longstanding conviction that administration should assume a huge job in the public arena. Abramovitz (1996) propose that Civil rights gains were called invert segregation and the triumphs of the women’s and gay rights development were viewed as a danger to â€Å"family values.† Having set the stage, the government assistance reformers started the assault on the government assistance state by focusing on AFDC, the most powerless and least famous government assistance program. Drawing on sociology hypotheses that accused destitution for the qualities and conduct of poor people, the reformers set forward the conviction that social issues originated from a â€Å"culture of poverty† that advanced â€Å"defective† values and â€Å"deviant† conduct. In 1996, Congress passed and the President marked the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (P.L. 104-93). It consolidated AFDC (Aid to Families w/Dependent Children) JOBS, and Emergency Assistance into square awards of single topped privilege to states and set government childcare subsidizing into a different square award for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). The new government law known as TANF was actualized in many states inside the year. Mirroring the â€Å"work first† approach, TANF put a lifetime cutoff of five years on government assistance qualification. The new way to deal with government assistance... ...Philadelphia, PA- Manlove, J. (1998) The impact of secondary school drop out and school withdrawal on the danger of young pregnancy, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 182-185 Mathews M. and Shelly, S. (1999) Turned away misled, and denied; Teen guardians involvement with the government assistance office. Youth law News, July, August 1999 Roseman, E. and Yoshikawa, H. (1999) Effects of government assistance change on offspring of juvenile mother, balance by maternal despondency, father inclusion and grandma contribution Women and Health 32, June 1999. Vallerand R., Fortier M. and Guay F. (2000) School inspiration for youngsters. Diary of Education Today, December 2000 Werthmeier, R. (1998). Childbearing by youngsters; Links to government assistance change. The Urban Institute, Fall Report, 1998 Zonker, L., (1997) Teenage pregnancy; Situation and procedures. The Florida Nurse, June, 1997

Understanding of Christian Sacraments

Various religions have various images, which signify various implications that may be unconventional to a given religion. For example, the Catholic Church has the rosary, which is the focal point of their supplications. Most Catholics and conventional places of worship have ceremonies, which the ministers or the clerics give to the congregation.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Understanding of Christian Sacraments explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each Christian church has its own type of a ceremony, which rely upon how the pioneers of the confidence deciphered the book of scriptures. Routinely, the minister, cleric, priest, or pope (incase of Catholicism and Orthodox) who gives the services to the gathering. The following conversation examinations the holy observance as the significant image in the Christian religion featuring the significance of the functions. Fundamentally, the holy observance is a urgent strict practice in Christianity par ticularly Catholicism. Contingent upon the religion holy observance can be as Eucharist, submersion, apology, affirmation, marriage, requests, or extraordinary unction. All members need to go to strict preparing on Christian excellencies, the book of scriptures, and other good practices so as to get the holy observances (Gula Para.10). The ceremony of submersion goes before the various seven. Along these lines, the holy observance is an image of tidiness or immaculateness in Christianity. Immersion is through water whereby Christians accept that they are liberated from sins following the function. The holy observance of atonement/contrition guarantees that Christians advance love, harmony, and solidarity in their connections. The service of holy observance typically happens in an enormous assemblage. As a rule, bread, the image of the group of Christ beauty, the functions. In the contemporary society, the holy observances advance humankind in light of the fact that firm Christians c arefully follow the strict lessons of the holy observances. Contingent upon the schedule of the congregation, most Christians accept that, for any of them to succeed or flourish throughout everyday life, s/he need to regard/practice the ceremonies. Initially, the world had two normal religions; Islam and Catholicism however the development of protestant holy places has prompted differing teachings about Christianity and all the more so the holy observances. In spite of the fact that the pace of interest of the function of the holy observance is high, the members in the protestant houses of worship are less when contrasted with the catholic. The dissimilarity lies in the discernment that the vast majority of the catholic consecrated services are customs and not founded on Jesus Christ or Christian excellencies (Reumann Para.4). Besides, the perspectives and fulfillment of administration and ensuing confidence in houses of worship likewise influences the cooperation in the holy observ ances. Once in a while most members particularly the young people do as such in the event that they have gone to Christian put together institutions.Advertising Looking for paper with respect to religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, reactions of certain holy observances by individuals have likewise influenced the support in the functions. For example, the holy observance of apology/repentance in the Catholic Church has drawn basic perspectives from individuals. Catholics apologize through their cleric by presenting the accompanying words â€Å"Bless me, Father, for I have sinned† (Gula Para.1). Be that as it may, as indicated by Protestants the demise of Jesus empowered all Christians to convey legitimately to God/Jesus and not through the ministers or people. What's more, the variety of cooperation in the holy observances likewise depends at, which age an individual began rehearsing his/her religion. For instance, newborn children who are conceived inside the religion may either drop or hang on it while new members are probably going to hang on it everlastingly (Menninger 50). Ordinarily, the individuals who maintain the holy observances are old individuals and reliably take part in different exercises of the congregation. At long last, the holy book sacred writings, which prompted the foundation of the Sacraments, are the premise of Catholic and Orthodox confidence. In actuality, the protestant holy places have spent significant time in the translation of the New Testament, which the admirers carefully maintain. The ceremonies of Christianity decide the character and good conduct of either a network or an individual. Devotees who practice the equivalent hallowed functions advance comparative human and good ethics. Through ceremonies, Christians express their confidence, yet in addition practice sacredness (Neal 96). For example, the holy observance of compensation calls for contrition and compromise among the devotees and networks. Along these lines, any individual who sticks to the conventions will without a doubt advance harmony, love, and solidarity in the general public. Furthermore, the holy observances additionally advance a feeling of having a place among the Christians. Every religion has a given image like clothing, practice, or item, which is one of a kind. Salvation is a urgent faith in Christianity; in any case, in Catholicism, an individual needs to rehearse or commend all the ceremonies to secure salvation. In a perfect world, salvation advances blessedness as well as immaculateness, character ethics such as confidence, persistence, and certainty among others. Along these lines, holy observance services impart the excellencies of Christianity in the two networks and individuals who practice them. In synopsis, Christianity is one of the normally drilled religions on the planet. Protestant and catholic are the basi c places of worship on the planet. In any case, albeit all the houses of worship insinuate from the holy book, the Catholics and Orthodox chapels rely exclusively upon the sacred writings and Sacraments. The Protestants for the most part expound the New Testaments relating their translation with the contemporary world. The Christians who rely upon the ceremonies advance their confidence through customs, however this has prompted reactions from the non-devotees. The sacrosanct ceremonies shape the character, conduct, and every day practices of the Christians.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Understanding of Christian Sacraments explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Gula, Richard. Understanding Sin Today. Americancatholic.Org. N.D. Web. Menninger, Karl. Whatever Became Of Sin? New York: Hawthorn Books, 1973. Neal, Gregory. Effortlessness upon Grace. Texas: Koinonia Press, 2000. Reumann, John. Support by Faith: The Lutheran-Catholic Conv ergence, Nd. Web. http://www.religion-online.org/article/defense by-confidence the-lutheran-catholic-intermingling/ This paper on Understanding of Christian Sacraments was composed and put together by client Sebastian Berg to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Expected Features Of Internet Explorer 9

Expected Features Of Internet Explorer 9 Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Expected Features Of Internet Explorer 9Updated On 20/02/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : WindowsShort URL : http://hbb.me/1Vv0r0u CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogInternet Explorer 9, in short IE9, is yet another much expected release from Microsoft Windows. But people believe this one has lots of new stuffs to deliver. IE9 will definitely be a lot better than Internet Explorer 8. Below I mentioned some of the new features of the Internet Explorer 9.#1 HTML 5 Support : HTML5 support is the most powerful addition I believe. HTML5 features added in the new IE9 will include h.264 video, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), and lots more.#2 New JavaScript Engine Chakra : It runs JavaScript in the background of your computer on a separate CPU core. Provides much faster JavaScript rendering and a better overall internet experience.#3 Direct X Video Acceleration : High Defin ition Video and new graphic capabilities are reproduced.#4 Better Usage Of Hardware : Normally browsers are not that much optimized when considering hardware usage. Internet Explorer 9 is going to change that.#5 Enhanced CSS3 Support : Internet Explorer 8 was not supporting CSS3 earlier. So we can expect some major improvements.#6 Developer Tools additions : Internet Explorer 9 is going to provide some new features for Developers. They include Console tab, Network tab, UA switcher tool and Real-world performance measurement.Do you think Internet Explorer 9 will do something remarkable? Do share your view as comments belowREADLCD Monitor shopping tips

The Poster Model For Restraint Essay - 1608 Words

One of the more fascinating things about Mohandas Gandhi is that the childhood version of the individual we all know as the poster model for restraint was the polar opposite. Born in the small coastal port of Porbandar in India, Gandhi was not much different than his peers. He came from a well-respected and largely religious family and was the youngest of six children. When he was still very young, Mohandas and his family moved to Rajkot for his father to become the Dewan. Once in Rajkot, Gandhi was placed in a primary school, which was very tough for him as his shy nature made it difficult to make friends. He worked very hard in school and would hurry home as soon as it was over. His father, Karamchand, was often tougher on Mohandas, but it appeared that it was because he expected so much from him. Mohandas was married at the age of thirteen, which was not all that uncommon of a practice in India at the time. His bride, Kasturbai, was chosen by his parents and she lived in Porbandar . Mohandas did enjoy spending time with his new wife – similar to the way you would expect new friends to appreciate each other’s company – but he had a desire to teach her the things he would read in his schoolbooks. Although she was grateful for her husband’s teachings, she didn’t have much interest in those things and, instead, focused her energy on managing the household duties . Mohandas may have been married, but he still had an obligation to finish his schooling so that he could find aShow MoreRelatedThe Age of Poster: Pictorial Poster 774 Words   |  3 Pages The main focus point of Chà ©ret’s poster ‘Folies-Bergere, La Loà ¯e Fuller 1893, (Figure 1) is an American dancer and display capture another classic Chà ©ret woman dancing cabaret culture of passion and emotional abilities examples of Paris . colored lithography Chà ©ret skills let him to express in a variety of silk garments Fuller wore light the lamp shades found in a black background , she seems to spin out of darkness , which is a typical Chà ©ret composition, dancing women at the forefront , theRead MorePurpose Driven Life1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthese students about safety restraints and how important seat-belts are. While this program was not math or science related, the techniques used by the teacher are applicable to any classroom setting with diverse students. To begin the session, a short story was read about safety. The story included animated characters and was funny. Next, posters were presented with bright colors and big slogans that read â€Å"Be Smart, buckle up.† Following the presentation of the posters, the teacher showed the studentsRead More Religion Versus Science in The Scopes Trial1089 Words   |  4 Pages The sexual revolution also progressed. â€Å"In the vanguard of the revolt was the so- called New Woman, the model of the educated, independent feminist who repudiated the sexual morality of the past†. ( Moran 2 ). Both flappers and movie stars dancing the Charleston supported this advancement. America was turning into a world set free of Victorian restraints. America was advancing in every aspect. The first day of the trial which was Friday, July 10, 1925 quicklyRead MoreThe Application Of Pedagogical Principles1388 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis, Data analysis, Spreadsheet, and Search engine to my learners to do independent work on computers. I also do Computer-based assessment tools e.g. multiple choice questions and quizzes. 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As such, Orlan is a fearless artist on the world stage, displayingRead MoreMaking Sense of Advertisements Daniel Pope8330 Words   |  34 Pagesswitch brands? The tobacco industry, for example, has consistently maintained that its ads are aimed at maintaining brand loyalty or inducing smokers to switch. (Hence a prominent campaign a generation ago for a now-forgotten cigarette brand featuring models with bruises and black eyes saying â€Å"I’d rather fight than switch.†) Yet critics have noted the themes of youth, vitality, and pleasure in these ads and have exposed documents in which marketers strategize about attracting new smokers. What group didRead More Oppression of Women in Victorian Society Essay2174 Words   |  9 Pageswas not to stare at any other womans clothing, stop to talk to a person upon walking, and was never allowed to remove her bonnet shawl or gloves if she was visiting someone for only a short amount of time. Even though women were held to such restraints and guidelines a few of them struggled to remain independent and fought for their rights. A quote from the book Turning the Tide is what Ill leave this paragraph with. To be a woman...what is that? In the discovery to this question was to lie anotherRead MoreWalmart Mnc Report3270 Words   |  14 Pagespractices have made it difficult for even the biggest corporations to be successful in certain countries. The complexity of globalization has shaped many national and international laws. Companies like Walmart and Nike have had to adjust their business models to comply with not only laws but the different cultures in which they do business in. Multinational corporations are praised with increasing consumer choice and increasing product quality while keeping prices low. However, there are critics that argue

Comparison of Great Gatsby and Sonnets from the Portuguese...

How does the treatment of similar content in The Great Gatsby and the prescribed poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning reflect changing values and perspectives? Throughout different time periods in history, perspectives change. With changing perspectives, artists and authors convey their feelings for particular social issues in varying ways through their texts. As the prescribed text, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the prescribed sonnets from â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning show, we can see the changes in perspective from the Victorian Era, compared to that of the Post-WWI period, the roaring 20’s. A comparison of these texts lets us see a change in society’s view on love, the role of women in†¦show more content†¦We see how she requires more than to be loved as merely a possession to her husband, Robert Browning, but for him to â€Å"†¦love on through love’s eternity†. On the other hand, in FSFs â€Å"GG†, love has a different, more materialistic meainig. As the American Dream was based largely around money and other materialistic possessions, its influence was spread into many aspects of society including a persons’ love for another. Love may have been based around ones wealth. We can see that in â€Å"GG†, Daisy’s ‘love’ for Gatsby is driven by materialistic items as shown by Daisy in â€Å"It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such – such beautiful shirts before†. Another reflection of changing values in society is marriage. EBB wrote during a time where once a woman became married to a man, she then became his property. Women could not manage their own sexual activity, and were defenceless against physical abuse inflicted by the man. We can see in Sonnet I how ‘a voice said in mastery while I strove, ‘Guess now who holds the!’ ‘Death’, I said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Not death but loves’, allowing us to interpret this in many ways. Personally, I interpreted this second person speaking as Robert Browning, her husband, speaking of being her ‘master’ and also Browning’s feelings of hate or ‘deathly feelings’ of this, but it also shows how Robert Browning will also lover her forShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparison Between the Great Gatsby and Ebb Sonnets1078 Words   |  5 Pages‘A deeper understanding of aspirations and identity emerges from considering the parallels between the Great Gatsby and Browning’s poetry’. Compare how these texts explore aspirations and identity? Both the texts ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F.Scott Fitzgerald and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning explore the ideas of aspirations and identity developing a deeper understanding of the texts. Both texts share these ideas through the characters and the values of idealism and hopeRead MoreAn Analysis Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning s Sonnets Of The Portuguese And F. Scott Fitzgerald s Pros Fiction2027 Words   |  9 Pagesin human societies of various eras. The comparative study of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"Sonnets of the Portuguese† and Scott Fitzgerald’s Pros fiction â€Å"The Great Gatsby† allow for a thorough evaluation of the relationship between the texts contexts and values. Both composers craft arguments on the nature of and value of life itself within the framework of love and spirituality. Browning, however writes from the perspective of a woman challenging values of the conventions of the Vic torian era. WhilstRead MoreAnalysis Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning s Sonnets Of The Portuguese And Scott Fitzgerald s Pros Fiction The Great Gatsby2019 Words   |  9 Pagesand the writers intended discourses. The comparative study of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s sonnets of the Portuguese and Scott Fitzgerald’s Pros fiction ‘The Great Gatsby’ allow for a thorough evaluation of the relationship between the texts contexts and values. Both composers craft arguments on the nature of and value of life itself within the framework of love and spirituality. Browning, however writes from the perspective of a woman challenging values of the conventions of the Victorian era. Whilst

Essay On Information Security Handled By The Government

Information security handled by the government. Devin Norton Jacksonville state university Abstract This essay will be covering the topic of some of the different acts of different acts of federal regulations that apply to information security and privacy. Information security being such an impactful feature for companies and customers the like to have peace of mind that their content is safe, it is also important to have these regulations in place to maintain transparency that their lively hoods are protected in a legal manner. Best example of this will be the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which was brought around to establish rules for the electronic transfer and handles of personal medical documents.†¦show more content†¦Title two is the Administrative Simplification , this is the section that establishes the national standards for electronic healthcare transactions. It also forces healthcare organizations to implement secure electronic devices for these transactions.Title three is the Tax-Related Health Provisions, which is just guidelin es and provisions for tax related medical care. Title four is the Application and Enforcement of Group Health Plan Requirements, which really is just a add on to title one, adding in people with pre existing conditions into the mix of coverage.Title five is the Revenue Offsets, which references health insurance reform for company owned life insurance and treatment for people who lose citizenship So why exactly do we as a nation need the hipaa act? Well as just explained it is the there for the purpose of providing continuous health insurance for those who have may lost their job or in the middle of a transference between one job to another. It also reduces the financial burden for healthcare companies by simplifying and securing the electronic transactions process.HHS extended the demonstration when it set up the HIPAA omnibus manage in 2013 to execute alterations to HIPAA as per rules set in 2009 by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. Th ese rules concern the obligations of business partners of secured substances. The omnibus govern likewise expanded punishments forShow MoreRelatedRegulation on Cloud to Protect User Privacy1700 Words   |  7 PagesRegulation on Cloud to Protect User Privacy This essay writes about regulation that rules cloud provider to protect privacy of data citizens within country. First of all, this essay will describe about what cloud services that used nowadays, its wide range of services, and users motivation why they would use cloud services. 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More information linking Bush to the Iran Contra Affair of the Reagan Administration had become public, and the news media was beginning to make the connections. In one of the first articles released regarding his involvement in 1992, the author, Walter Pincus, began to openly criticize Bush for his deception. Pincus, who wrote a lot about Bush and his involvement, explains that â€Å"In the almostRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1359 Words   |  6 Pagescontent such as messages, pictures, and information, or to be able to participate in social networking. Social media depends on web-based applications, which allow a high level of virtual interaction on various levels such as social, professional, and educational levels. Social media has had various contributions to the development of society on several aspects such as language and culture. These contributions brought both positive and negative results. 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Is Patient Diplomacy the Best Approach to Iran’s Nuclear Program free essay sample

The idea of Iran developing a nuclear weapon has undoubtedly sparked up an international debate on both sides of the isle. While many in the west debate about which actions to take to prevent the development of the bomb or if Iran is even developing the bomb other countries like Russian and China have been reluctant to criticize. From a western perspective we have to decide whether or not a patient diplomacy is the best approach to Iran’s nuclear problem or not. The consequences of attacking Iran could prove to be just as disastrous as not attacking Iran and being threatened by ban attack. In â€Å"Taking Side† two scholars on this issue debate this very question. Christopher Hemmer, from â€Å"Responding to a Nuclear Iran† and Norman Podhoretz, editor-at-large for the opinion journal â€Å"Commentary† argue on both sides of the issue. This is a general overview of the situation, a summary of each authors main points and a conclusion based on my own opinion. The Non Proliferation act of 1968 was created to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. 5 percent of the world’s countries signed it. Non nuclear countries agreed to not make or accept nukes from anyone. Countries that had them could not build or share them. The International Atomic Energy Agency was created by the UN to inspect countries to ensure nuclear facilities were operating under peaceful terms but the NPT hasnt been entirely successful. India and Pakistan tested nukes in 1998 and Israels nuclear capability is an open secret. None of those countries signed the NPT in 1968. North Korea did sign the treaty in 1970 but violated it in the 1990s when it started developing nukes and more recently in 2006 when they tested one. Iran also signed the NPT in 1970 but was ruled by a pro western monarch named Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was overthrown in 1979 and fled the country. Soon after the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomiena who rejected western values and influence came into power and immediately began to purge the state of all western influences. Iraq and Iran went to war for around 8 years in the 1980s. In that war Iraq used chemical weapons which triggered Iran’s nuclear ambitions. They believed Iraq had nuclear ambitions and feared western domination from the US. These fears coupled with their long term goals of becoming a global powerhouse and hegemonic force in the region fueled them to start thinking about attaining nuclear weapons. Bush labeled Iran as one of the axis of evil who promoting terrorism. The US invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. The US asked for cooperation from the global community to help prevent Iran from attaining a nuclear weapon. The EU-3: France, Germany and the UK tried to work with Iran in order to dial down their ambitions. Iran insisted that their nuclear program was a peaceful one and they had a sovereign right to develop nuclear power. The IAEA overwhelming voted to refer the matter to the UN Security Council. The EU-3 has become increasingly critical of Iran and their nuclear ambitions and tension is increasing. Christopher Hemmet believes a militaristic strategy to disarm Iran would damage the USs position in the region and that the consequences would outweigh the benefits while Norman Podhoretz believes that allowing Iran to acquire nuclear weapons would set the stage for the outbreak of nuclear war. Yes, â€Å"Responding to a nuclear Iran† Hemmet believes that Iranian nuclear attainment would certainly pose several different problems for the US but military action and doing nothing at all are not the only options on the table. They can be met through sanctions, containment, engagement, an active policy of deterrence, and the reassurance of American allies in the region. America has 3 strategic interests in the Persian Gulf: maintaining the flow of oil into the world markets, preventing any hostile state from dominating the region and minimizing any terrorist threat. A nuclear Iran must be addressed by a policy that minimizes any damage to the oil production, transportation infrastructure and negates an Iranian bid for regional hegemony. It must be weighed against the potential damage it will do to the US anti terrorism network the US has built in Afghanistan and Iraq. Hemmet states that it should also minimize any threat of nuclear attack on the US. Hemmet suggests the â€Å"end state solution† for Iran should be one that makes Iran an integral part of the global economy, at peace with its neighbors, and not supportive of terrorist organizations. Though, at the moment, America isnt looking to directly establish a democracy some form of democratic structure would be inevitable for reform. The Islamic republic is becoming increasingly anti-American and anti-Zionist so a regime evolution would have to happen if American long term interests are to be achieved. An attack on Iran would damage American interests in the region. Though, an attack would deliver a great blow to Iranian nuclear ambitions, Hemmet warns that the costs would outweigh the benefits. An attack on Iran would send seismic shock waves through the global economy at a time when oil prices are already too high. Because Iran relies heavily on their oil exports and would be unlikely that they would withhold them from the global markets, however, they could disrupt transportation between the Strait of Hormuz and attack US allied oil structures. Hemmet claims a direct attack on Iran would verify Osama Bin Laden’s doctrine about how the US is at war with Islam. It would damage Americas war on terrorism because it would seem like Osama was right because America supports Israel and its nuke, recognizes India as a nuclear state and is negotiating with North Korea on theirs. Hemmet believes an attack on Iran would undermine Americas nation building attempts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Iranians haven’t been very helpful during this time but an attack on Iran could encourage Iranians and their sympathizers in Lebanon and Hezbollah to make Americas nation building increasingly difficult. An attack on Tehran would damage the US long term goal of reform within the regime. History teaches us that direct military attack only bolsters the position of the current regime. To think that an attack on Iran would encourage Iranians to overthrow the government is, in Hemmet’s opinion, delusional. A Preventative attack option would only produce a temporary result, according to Hemmet. The attack would and could only be on known nuclear sites. There could be others we dont know about. An attack might halt current efforts but they might just begin to rebuild what was damaged and the US would have to face the same threat years later. Though a regime change could, in theory, bring about a plethora of positive results it is not currently within US capacity to do so. With US funds already spread out over Iraq and Afghanistan a nation building attempt in Iraq would be the epitome of overreaching according to Hemmet. Iran is much bigger and has a stronger sense of nationalism than Iraq. It would be too costly. Hemmet exclaims that if Iran was going to nuke America it would be because they attempted a regime change. The rule is that once a country obtains the nuclear weapon capabilities regime change is out of the question because of the threat of nuclear retaliation. This is why countries like North Korea and Iran want the nuke. The overriding concern about Iranian nuclear attainment is the threat of an attack on America or its allies. But the threat of annihilation by nuclear retaliation as served as a powerful deterrent in years past with Russia and America in the past and more recently with India and Pakistan. According to Hemmet, the question is whether or not the regime in Tehran is deferrable. If it is, then deterrence is far more beneficial than a preventative attack. Supporters of preventative measures claim Iran is a nation of religious zealots who would accept apocalyptic demise before being deterred. Many believe, based on Iranian foreign policy history that Iran is smart enough to understand that a nuclear response would be problematic without going into all the details of their ideology. Though the rhetoric of President Ahmadinejad is cause for concern but, in the context of history, it is very similar to the rhetoric of Russian and Chinese leaders of the past. Hemmet explains that people believed these leaders would be impervious to the affects of retaliatory attacks but eventually nothing happened. President Ahmadinejad has no power over the military, that power is given to the Supreme Leader and Ayatollah Ali Khameni has distanced himself from Ahmadinejads rhetoric. To counter those outbursts one would just have to look at Iran’s pragmatic approaches to foreign policy. Khameni has said that nukes are UN-Islamic. Iran has made many pragmatic decisions to ensure their national interest. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Iran did not attempt to export its revolution to parts of the broken state. They understood it would be more beneficial to them to work with Russia. They even dismissed the war in Chechnya as an internal Russian matter. Similar calculations led Iran to support Christian Armenia over Muslim Azerbaijan. After the 1991 Gulf war, Iran did not push for a Shia revolution in Iraq fearing the outcome would be too dangerous and destabilizing. Hemmet also highlights that following its isolation during the Iran-Iraq war, Iran worked vigorously to improve its relationship with its gulf neighbors. Hemmet believes Iran’s â€Å"antipathy towards the America and Israel is not great enough that they would risk nuclear war. † Iran has reached out to America with its dealings in Afghanistan and even offered their airfields and ports. While they showed distain for the Iraq war they have recognized the importance of overthrowing Saddaam Husseins regime. Hemmet claims that, â€Å"all of this is said not to discount the policy differences between Washington and Tehran but to reveal that Iran is not run by religious zealots rather by pragmatists who have Israels national interests in mind. † Some claim Iran would give nukes to terrorists but Hemmet explains that the fact that Iran deals with terrorist indirectly, directly reflects their understanding of deterrence. They wouldnt risk losing control over their nukes and being blamed by the global community. Making sure Iran does not use its nuclear power as a tool of coercive diplomacy on US allied interests in the region is very important. They will be emboldened to spread their influence throughout the region but coercive diplomacy has not proven to be successful when applied to states that already have nuclear power. Containing Iranian influence in the region is the cause for major key. Hemmet suggests, advancing Americas long term goals of Iran becoming a part of the global economy, improving its relationships with its neighbors, and not supporting terrorism, America must develop a policy of direct engagement. America broke diplomatic ties with Iran in the 1980s during the hostage situation. Hemmet explains that diplomatic engagement should not be viewed as a compromise or as a victory for Iran, its part of conducting normal business in American foreign policy. Any victorious reaction from Iran would not and should not deter the US from advancing its long-term security goals. Hemmest suggests to those who would argue against diplomacy with hostile nations that diplomatic relations with hostile states is just as important as relations with allies. This was proven during the cold war. It would be harder to contain and deter Iran without diplomatic relations. Given the number of growing youth and the negative stewardship of Iranian government, the time is ticking on the leadership of that country. Though a democratic revolution isnt brewing the fact remains there are internal issues. Opening Iran to the global markets could minimize that threat. Including them in the World Trade Organization is one of the many incentives provided to Iran in response to their nuclear ambitions. Hemmet believes such incentives could advance America’s long term foreign policy goals in the region regardless if Iran gets the nuke or not. Iranian is a struggling state and they are acutely susceptible to sanctions. Sanctions in broad strokes would damage the Iranian economy and affect the entire country. This could increase nationalism and hurt America’s position in the Middle East. Such sanctions, if taken, would have to be calculated. At a minimum, China, Russia, the EU and the US would have to be involved. Hemmet states that it would have to target the regime only without damaging the rest of the economy and specifically attribute such sanctions to Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Such sanctions would be difficult for many different reasons. China depends on Iran for energy and Russia depends on Iran for its market supplies. Sanctions would be a tough sell to Beijing and Moscow. Smart sanctions are difficult to apply to Iran because their domestic politics are not very transparent. Also, Iran has a history of external threats to its state and would view such sanctions as just another attempt to harm their nation. Hemmet is quoted as saying, Engagement has proven to be a surer path to regime change than economic isolation. Reassuring Iran’s neighbors that the US has their security in mind could help advance American goals beyond simple containment. It could strengthen the oil marketing infrastructure and encourage intelligence cooperation on the war on terror. Stronger security ties could prevent the proliferation of nuclear ambitions in the region. Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt are among those states that might be willing to increase their nuclear abilities if Iran developed the nuke. Egypt has tolerated Israels nuclear program for 30 years and Libyas weapons programs as well, so Cairo will be â€Å"less likely to change their calculations. Turkey wants to be accepted into the EU and is a part of NATO so Ankara will be less likely to pursue the nuke. Saudi Arabia and other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council will most likely strengthen ties to the US in an attempt to bolster their position over Iran. Hemmet believes the US should increase security around Iran’s neighbors by telling them that as long as Iran is contained, a preventative military attack will not incur. Hemmet claims that, â€Å"although Iran’s neighbors would rather not see a nuclear Iran they would much rather see that than a US-Iranian conflict. Security should be architectures in the design of containment and deterrence. â€Å" No, â€Å"Stopping Iran: Why the Case for Military Action Still Stands† Podhoretz begins by explaining how no one believes the Iranian uranium program is peaceful. Iran has more oil and natural gas than it needs so it doesnt need to develop anymore to sustain its state. Iran has been named the â€Å"leading sponsor of terrorism† even by the state department. Since Iran wants to become a regional hegemon their attainment of nukes could turn into a grave and destructive nuclear-arms race according to Podhoretz. Nuclear weapons would, according to Podhoretz, give the Mullahs the ability to achieve their evil goal of wiping Israel off the map. Podhoretz explains that Iran isnt just a regional threat. They want to turn Europe into a Muslim state and he believes they would use intimidation to do so. Podhoretz states that Iran would also show greater ambition in their quest for a world without the united states not because they have the ability to wipe America off the map but because America would back down from Iran in an effort to prevent nuclear war. The universal decision of applying â€Å"carrots and sticks† diplomacy by the EU and the US was applied to and rejected by Iran. After this, Bush announced that air strikes on Iran were still an option as a last resort. Podhoretz explains that the world was split on this issue. French President Sarkozy was with Bush but German Chancellor Angela Merkel and UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown professed that more diplomacy and sanctions would eventually work. Podhoretz was unhappy with the NIE report in 2003 which stated that Iran was working on a â€Å"cost effective approach rather than a rush to weapons approach. This report was debated by stating that Iran had no international pressure to stop in 2003, Iraq and Afghanistan had just been invaded by the U. S and Iran was probably just acting out of fear because they assumed they would be invaded next. Also, Podhoretz points out that Iran’s history shows that Iran’s theological ideologies far outweigh that of any cost effective approach. Richelson believes that some states cant be negotiated with and any talks about peace on the nuclear issue is just a â€Å"stall tactic† until they obtain what they profess to be reframing from. The point was made that if Iran was to stop its pursuit of nuclear weapons how else could they accomplish the prestige, security and hegemonic influence in the region? Podhoretz explains that the climate of cognition when applied to Iran and the nuke shifted from John McCain’s stance that, the only thing worse than bombing Iran was Iran getting the bomb to the only thing worse than Iran getting the bomb was bombing Iran. This is attributed to inaccurate NIE reports and the concession by even some of his most critical opponents that diplomacy has failed in that region. Podhoretz would argue that deterrence wasnt possible when engaging with a regime run by islamofascist revolutionaries who not only believe in spreading their ideology over how they treat their own citizens but were also willing to die for it. Podhoretz claims that MAD, mutually assured distraction would not work as a deterrent to Iran. Iranian leaders in the path have suggested that they would bomb Israel even at the cost of suffering damages on their own end. Iran has been known to kill its own people in the future and would think they were doing their citizens a favor by providing them with a short-cut to heaven. Podhoretz believes that the two stances of we could live with an Iranian bomb and there may not be an Iranian bomb to live with has ruled out any possibility of militaristic action and would eventually put an end to any nonmilitary action as well. Podhoretz warns that something must be done now because Israel would have great cause to launch a Pre-emotive attack and so would Iran which would make nuclear war inevitable. He contends that George Bush had it right initially and was sold short by appeasing reports and diplomacy. Podhoretz believes that the next President should pick up where Bush left off and launch an attack on Iran lest the outbreak of war be as inescable then as it is avoidable now. Conclusion Many things have changed since these positions were taken but the overall theme has remained consistent. The EU and UN have continually pressured Iran to halt all nuclear activities pertaining to weapon manufacturing but Iran has reiterated their position explaining that they are only developing nuclear technology for peaceful means. Iran cooperation with the IAEA has been inconsistent. Iran will only allow the inspection of certain areas and claim sovereignty when asked about others. This has led to great frustration among the European global community which has, as a result, slapped sanction on Iran. The Security Council sanctioned a full embargo on the importing of weapons to Iran but these sanctions have proven to be unsuccessful in deterring Iran’s nuclear ambitions. China and Russian are on the Security Council with veto power and have not supported Americas sanctions on Iran. While the IAEA claims that Iran has enough enriched uranium for two nuclear weapons it is unwillingly to claim that Iran is attempting to build a nuclear weapon. Between the gridlock and the concern from the Israelis it is possible the America would back Israeli attacks on nuclear sites and facilities. Iran has begun to remanufacture its Shabab-3 Missile which would carry nuclear war heads an estimated distance of 1,250 miles which would put Israel within its range. President Barack Obama has tried to engage Iran much more than the Bush administration but even he has said that a nuclear Iran is a direct threat to the US and its allies and he would not take any options of the table. If it is a direct threat to America, its citizens and its allies then a militaristic option would become inevitable. While I believe that patient diplomacy is the correct way to approach the issue to Iran’s nuclear program, I also believe that a direct threat to American interests must be suppressed at all costs. Since Iran denies that any uranium enrichment is being pursued for peaceful purposes I agree with the strategy of providing Iran with the end result of whatever it is claiming to pursue in the area of energy in exchange for their shutting down of all uranium enrichment and nuclear power facilities. A solution endorsed by many is a complete ban of enrichment and reprocessing in Iran to build confidence, with a collateral benefit of demonstrating that noncompliance carries a price. † (Squassoni, 20 JUL 2006) If they continue to choose to reject this offer it undoubtedly shows an ambition beyond what they claim to be a peaceful pursuit of energy. I understand the reluctance to allow western control over a state reliant energy source, so I would suggest that Iran choose the nation they would like to import that energy from and with the approval of the UN and an agreement to full cooperation with the IAEA of all nations involved develop a solution to their energy ambitions. Any deviation from this proposal would carry military action for the purpose of securing US national security.